Biological pathways refer to the intricate series of chemical reactions and interactions within a cell that collectively lead to a specific biological process or function. These pathways often involve the activation or inhibition of enzymes, molecules, and receptors, and are crucial for maintaining homeostasis and regulating various cellular functions such as growth, metabolism, and response to environmental stimuli. Understanding and studying biological pathways is essential for elucidating the underlying mechanisms of diseases and developing targeted therapies for various medical conditions. Researchers use techniques such as bioinformatics, molecular biology, and systems biology to map, analyze, and manipulate these pathways.